Six Degrees Could Change the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Six Degrees Could Change the World - Essay Example One scene from the movie seemed harmless enough. It was merely a vineyard estate producing wine-quality grapes in England. It may seem harmless, but in reality, this is a compelling evidence of global warming effects already occurring around the world. Only a few years ago, it was truly impossible to cultivate wine-quality grapes in a weather environment such as ones in England. As favorable as this weather transformation is for English wine industry, such a transformation signals the end of the world for observers of universal weather modifications. Wine grapes budding in England is a clear indication that its regular daily temperature has augmented perhaps by a couple of degrees already. The documentary brings forward numerous actual examples and instances of early global warming. In addition, Bowman's direction is most solid in this part of the film. Baldwin's telling together with these illustrations of global warming in addition to the end of time situations of what might and wi ll happen if temperature continues to increase make Six Degrees Could Change the World among the best of 2008's ecological documentary films.With this, the film has definitely moved and changed the perspective and outlook of its viewers such as myself about the reality the world is facing right now. Without any remarkable change from our own selves, with the determination and will to actually save our planet, our home, the world will be destroyed. We must be the change that will stop the destruction of our only beautiful and amazing world.

Non Native Speakers

Non Native Speakers Learning a language outside of your own can be difficult, it has its advantages. Even words that are considered unacceptable in some countries can have its uses, in this case English. The reason for this investigation is based on the concern about the use and perception of swearwords for students who are non native speakers (N.N.S) of English. The issues that I intend to explore are the ideas whether University students who are N.N.S of English are able to define and understand swear words within the English Language and if any similarity exists between our language and theirs. On top of that I would like to find out why they think it is essential to know what some slang words in English mean. To me this seems like a valuable topic as I have not come across a lot of research that can explain the opinions of those who originate from countries where English is not their first. Although I have read extracts from online journals by Tony Thorne, Jean-Marc Dewaele and Forbidden words by Ke ith Allan. Therefore, I found it to be an interesting challenge as it would open up a wider understanding of how opinions may differ between me and a student who comes from a different country. Word count: 458In this investigation I shall be looking at 4 sets of data, focusing on the opinion and answers of each participant. An initial interest in this area of investigation came from Forbidden words by Keith Allan and a journal by Jean-Marc Dewaele. It provided significant ideas as to why taboo language may be just as common in English in comparison to another country. A preparatory study was reading the journal of Jean-Marc Dewaele who looked at The Emotional force of swearwords and Taboo Words in the Speech of Multi-linguals. On personal level I feel this is an excellent area of study as it is one that I have interest in and I am intrigued to see what can be found. The investigation will make use of a list of taboo language within my questionnaire and whether a N.N.S has the ability to recognise and define these words. There should be a difference in the quantity and quality of answers from the N.N.S examining the words that I provide them with, and it also allows for a la rge amount of linguistic theories to be incorporated in the study such as Rod Ellis. There is no particular hypothesis for this investigation as I am not trying to prove a belief nor am I trying to criticise another, it is mostly based on whether there is an influence that our words have on N.N.S of English and if they can define them just as easily as an English person can. Literature Review The word taboo is derived from the Tongan tabu which came in to use around the end of the eighteenth century and according to Radcliffe Brown the word simply means to to forbid, forbidden, and can be applied to any sort of prohibition (Allan Burridge, 2006: 2). The discussion of censoring language tends to lead to other forms of communication such as polite/impolite remarks, euphemisms and dysphemisms. However over time the opinion of Taboo language has seemed to become less of an issue in society, for some reason it has become the norm in a persons language, though there are still those who are less inclined to accept it I have personally come across more who accept it in the United Kingdom. This investigation focuses on university students rather than a vast variety of ages (i.e. under 16 year olds and 30+) There is a serious side to analysing young peoples slang. Latest research suggests that what was once a passing fad may be evolving into a genuine dialect, dubbed multiethnic y outh vernacular, with its own vocabulary, accent and intonation. This new form of English, heavily influenced by Black and Asian speech, may actually displace what used to be known as the Queens English (Thorne, 2007: 1). In comparison to other countries outside of the U.K, in particular citizens from countries where English is not their first language can vary, there appears to be just as many profanities in their languages as well as our own. Every culture and language has taboos; some may be easier to define than others as each language make us of different sets of taboos. An example that can illuminate some difference between swearing is Norwegian and English, the word shit in Norwegian tends to implicate lack of value, however Norway is very religious so calling someone a devil (jà ¦vel) is extremely offensive and looked down upon. Though in English offensive words tend to revolve around words that can also means parts of the human body, rather than just words that may insult a person due to their behaviour, i.e. cunt. In relation to this investigation, Wright (1987) feels that a positive way to teach learners of a second language is by writing instructional questions that invite learners to operate on input in some way (Allan Burridge, 2006: 17). I wanted to get a personal input from every participant that I handed out a questionnaire to in order to gain some variety of opinion between students from numerous cultures and felt this was the best way to do it. This study is based on the numerous classroom techniques that many second language learners (SLL, or SLD Second language developers) are introduced to when acquiring a target language. Wode (1980) thinks that classroom learners are able to utilise different strategies for producing TL and observes that they can memorise or imitate fairly long sentences of speech material (Ellis, 1984: 2) Further studies by Wode (1980) lead to results that showed classroom learners can also produce spontaneous speech just as much as those who learnt in a naturalistic way. There has been criticism for this method though, one by Hatch (1978) who stated that classroom learning tends to require frequency as SLL/SLD can take place so quickly that learners may soon fall behind and end up listeni ng instead of contributing to the tasks so little language is actually learnt and produced correctly, Hatch (1978) writes It is not easy to conduct a case study of an individual learner when this learner is immersed in a class of twenty or more such learners (Ellis, 1984: 8). Reading this influenced me to use fewer participants rather than a vast number, although for statistic analysis it would have proven useful, I was actually more concerned with the individual rather than the group. Using a questionnaire also defines the process of interaction between me (the teacher) and the student (the learner) Language development is the result of an interaction between the learners existing state of knowledge and the linguistic environment to which he is exposed (Ellis, 1984: 13). If this is the opinion during any kind of learning the student may go through, how are they able to come across words that they are not taught in the classroom? It could be subconscious strategies that the learner may use to intake information from everyday activities such watching an English film with subtitles, reading a book with English swear words then looking up what they mean, hearing them from friends or family, the internet and even in popular music, it is reasonable to assume t hat a learners learning style reflects both nature and nurture. The learners personality and cognitive style result in a general preference (Thorne 2007: 1). It also depends on the person and why they may want to learn taboo language in the first place, as Tony Thorne states it could be a way to form an identity, a way of excluding outsiders from their conversations (Thorne 2007: 1) this creates a barrier between them and others who they dont wish to communicate with. More of than not it could be so that they are able to recognize them when other people say these words, so they have the ability to defend themselves it has been said about them. Also as there are more people from non-native English speaking areas moving to places in the U.K it is best for them to know the right words from the wrong, for if one were to use a swear word in a job interview without having a full understanding of what it meant could result in them not getting the job at all. When writing pieces of work it is best to know what words to avoid when creating descriptions, it seems unlikely that a person from Luxemburg may write shit in a biology essay if they had to refer to specific roles of the human body but it is not an impossible mistake to make, or a person from France using the word bitch to either describe her opinions about someone or a female dog in a social situation where it is unlikely to be used. It also fascinates me how a learner manages to apply the rules th at they have learnt during SLL/SLD to words that are considered to be taboo, naturally they may just apply the meaning to what a word in their language may mean if it shares similarities for example being able to define which swear words are nouns or verbs. Scott Thornbury gives advice on teaching methods for second language students, and asks them to think about what kind of linguistic knowledge speakers of a language raw in order to express themselves (Thornbury, 1997: 10). This comes to mind when looking at reasons for how students who are N.N.S. of English (Non native speakers) use these kinds of censored words in order to express themselves, whether it be opinions or actions. Another researcher I found relevant to my investigation was the work of Jean-Marc Dewaele (2004) who states that these words are often among the first ones to be learned in an L2, typically outside the classroom with a gleeful NS of that language (Dewaele, 2004: 205). Dewaele points out that they rarely make an appearance in textbooks or used by their tutor in the classroom due to their offensive nature. Because of this, some language learners appear to lack general knowledge of taboo words so tend not to use them as much, they may come in contact with these words (maybe in conversation or though reading/listening to something) but may not actually know the meaning of the word. This creates a fascination of wanting to learn what these swearwords and other vulgar expressions, not just to be able to understand them but to use in themselves. According to Dewaele knowing how to swear in a foreign language can make you seem sophisticated, well-travelled or at least give you a means to swear in front of others without them thinking of you as a foul-mouthed person (Dewaele, 2004: 206), it can also save the possible embarrassment of ensuring that it isnt used in situations where it can be unacceptable (i.e. classroom talk, church and family gatherings). Word count: 1372 with quotes, 1100 without (272 words in quotes). Methodology The setting I decided to follow was a basic quantitative method using a simple classroom to hand out the questionnaires to all of the N.N.S Students during the last 10 minutes of their English Studies lesson. My reason for choosing this method was because each person could contribute their opinion to our English taboo language and make a comparison with their own, see appendix 1 for an example of the questionnaire that I used in this study. Materials were also simplistic as I wanted to keep things from appearing complicated and stressful for the participants; I handed out a box of pens and pencils and the questionnaires onto separate tables for each of them to decide their preferred writing method and begin the questionnaire once everyone had sat down. I did not have any intention to set a time limit as every participant was different so forcing a time limit could have affected their answers If I had set it for a short amount of time answers may have become basic rather than have any elaboration on their answers. The questionnaire was separated into four separate sections; Definitions, Rating, Opinions and Personal questions (to validate the questionnaire). The reason I thought it best to separate my questionnaire in to sections was to make it look more user-friendly rather than one continuous block of questions. In relation to ethics I knew things would be less difficult as all participants were over the age of 18 therefore gaining permission was not needed and I did not go over any personal boundaries when asking participants questions about the cultural background. Also, the number of participants that filled in my questionnaires were a total of 11, this is because it was difficult to find students other than first year students as they were on tutorial leave although I did manage to get 2 second year students to fill the questionnaire out for me. Receiving their answers were different to those in first year, it was still in a classroom, but it was just the two of them rather than taking part when the first year students did so the experiment took place twice; in the same classroom but at different times. The first section required t hem to define a set of English swear words as best as they could, these words were; Shit, Bollocks, Bastard, Fuck, Wanker, Faggot, Twat, Bitch and Cunt. The second section is where I spotted a problem but this will be explained in the discussion/conclusion, I asked students to rate swear words from a choice of 1-10 (1 being the least offensive and 10 being the worst) in the boxes provided. The final two sections focused primarily on their cultural back ground, where they had come across the English swear words how long they had learnt English for, when they learnt it and whether they thought swear words were more frequent in our language than theirs. Word count: 486 Data analysis/Findings The total number of participants were eleven; though I was not primarily focused on gender I did ask them if they were male or female and the result was 8 females and 4 males; the females appeared to answer the personal questions in more depth whilst the males appeared to answer the definitions in more detail. In relation to the backgrounds of the participants I asked them where did they originate from, the results were; 3 students from France; 2 students from Czech Republic; 2 students from Greece/Cyprus; 1 student from Italy; 1 student from South Korea; 1 student from Luxembourg and 1 other student from Brazil. My questionnaire consisted of 4 sections, each one requiring a different set of answers. The majority of participants provided swear words with a definition and an example. Questionnaire 1 (see appendix 2) gave well thought out answers and examples of sentences along with definitions and if they struggled with the meaning they attempted to make some kind of contribution (alt hough some did just tick the I dont know or pass boxes. An example from Q.1 (Appendix 2) is: Shit Excrement, faeces. Usually attributed to bad things/people. Shit I forgot my hat Bollocks Dont know its mean meaning, but it can be used to describe non-sense or madness. That guys completely bollocks Bastard A very rude/annoying person. Stop blabbering, you bloody bastard Most of the other participants made similar definitions for those three selected words above. Although Questionnaire 3 (see appendix 4) had written down Person without a father when asked to define the word bastard. This shows that they are also aware of another form of definition besides the obvious one used to insult a person who may be rude. Another word that I am glad many (minus questionnaires 2, 5 and 9 : Appendices 3, 6 and 10) managed to define was the word Faggot, most wrote down the definition mean word for a homosexual as it is has only within the past 10/15 years become a popular word in our vocabulary. I make this assumption because most people from England who I have spoken to who are over the age of 30 have not come across the word Faggot much. The first section was considered a success as all participants tried to define words to the best of their knowledge. However it was noticeable to see that the definition for word Twat proved difficult with some being unable to m ake a definition at all, whilst others said it was like another version for some of the previously provided swearwords. The Second section was rating the same words that appeared in the first section. This can be put onto a bar chat to explain how participants rated them. All results for this section have also been created in a tally like form (see appendix 13). So in order to place these words into a bar chat I decided to look at the ranks that the students gave and added them up to see what the total was. To make the bar chat clearer I put the total to a maximum of 90 for each word (as an issue was only 9 words would equal up to 90 if all words were marked as 10). Word Rank (out of 90) Shit 31 Bollocks 31 Bastard 53 Fuck 51 Wanker 53 Faggot 52 Twat 35 Bitch 51 Cunt 82 From the above bar chart is clear to see that cunt was considered the most offensive word by all participants with 82/90 whilst Shit and Bollocks both ended up receiving the lowest rank of 31/90. There were some surprising results for words such as Fuck as it was ranked as a considerably average offensive word along with Bastard, Wanker, Faggot and Bitch; Twat was also ranked quite low down. Unfortunately not many participants answered why they ranked these words with certain numbers apart from questionnaires 1 and 3 who gave a couple of answers for some words, one was in Appendix 2 for Fuck: used so often its almost unoriginal and inoffensive and Appendix 4 answered Not really rude for bollocks and unnecessarily mean for cunt. The next part of section two was to find out where they heard these words, as Id suggested before in the literature review some came across these words when watching films, learnt them from friends or read them in books. Some also said that they are similar to words in their own language; an example of this is from Questionnaire 2 (Appendix 3) who said that the word Bastard was Almost same word in my language and same meaning BÄ tard. In section three I focused on their opinions about taboo language, whether it was more frequent here than in their country and in their own language what was a very offensive taboo (swear) word. Opinions changed between some participants who share the same backgrounds, three participants from France showed different answers; this could be due to what area in France they come from (which I did not ask). Questionnaires 2 and 3 (Appendices 3 and 4) both say that there are more swearwords in their language and that English people swear less whilst questionnaire 4 had the opposite; that English people have more swearwords and use them more often. Although one common ground that these participants had were the same idea answer for the most offensive word in their language; this was Pute/Putain which is the French word for both Bitch and Whore/prostitute. A participant from Luxembourg also used the word Pute when describing what he thought was an offensive word in his language, this shows t hat other cultures may appear to have the same opinion as one another in regards to what is considered to be taboo to them. Other students from different areas like Cyprus and Greece thought that both languages seemed to share the same amount of swear words but thought English people swore more than they did. The same can be said for 2 participants from Czech republic who both shared the same opinion on the most offensive word in their language; Pà ­Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ a/Cunt and ÄŒurà ¡k/Wanker. Although one thought (appendix 8) that swear words in our country and theirs seemed to be the same whilst the other (appendix 9) believe that there are far more words in our language and more frequent use. A student from South Korea was unable to translate her example of an offensive swearword although said it was to do with a Cunt/Slut (See Appendix 10) and that there appears to be the same amount of swearing in her language just as much as ours. All participants have said that they have found themselves using English swearwords since learning them. Every participant in this study think it is important to know wh at certain swearwords in English mean as it saves them from using them without knowing their definition, it allows them to recognize these words when said by other people and also knowing these words helps them find the right situations to use them whilst avoiding the wrong (i.e. in a job interview). The final section was to ask them some personal background questions about their origin and how long theyve known English for. All but one participant (Brazilian student learnt at age 18, see Appendix 12) had begun to learn English between the ages of 6 and 12 and all had learnt English before coming to England. The times each participant has lived in UK varies from 7 months (Cyprus; Appendix 6) to 9 years (France; Appendix 5), with one also living in New Zealand at one point (see Appendix 4). 3328 without quotes 3608 with quotes

Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Essays

The Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific development have greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the increased combustion of fossil fuels and widespread usage of manmade chemicals, have greatly affected the planet's atmosphere and it's ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earth's natural means of protection from the Sun's damaging ultraviolet rays. Some of the chemicals most harmful to the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds are chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is broken up by UV radiation in the stratosphere, its Chlorine atom is free to react with the ozone molecules in the atmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with other ozone molecules causing continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as can be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone layer continues to be depleted, more harmful ultraviolet rays are able to penetrate the earth's atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the sun's emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earth's protection from the sun's harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radiation can impair the body's ability to fight off disease, in addition to causing skin cancer and a range of eye disorders. Ultraviolet radiation also deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing leaf size and the... ...mental effects on marine life and the aquatic food chain. Further damage to the earth's aquatic ecosystems must be prevented in order to prevent not only the deterioration of oceanic life, but also the deterioration of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the release of other chemicals into the atmosphere, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and thus impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The safety of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an important base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends. Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Essays The Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific development have greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the increased combustion of fossil fuels and widespread usage of manmade chemicals, have greatly affected the planet's atmosphere and it's ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earth's natural means of protection from the Sun's damaging ultraviolet rays. Some of the chemicals most harmful to the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds are chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is broken up by UV radiation in the stratosphere, its Chlorine atom is free to react with the ozone molecules in the atmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with other ozone molecules causing continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as can be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone layer continues to be depleted, more harmful ultraviolet rays are able to penetrate the earth's atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the sun's emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earth's protection from the sun's harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radiation can impair the body's ability to fight off disease, in addition to causing skin cancer and a range of eye disorders. Ultraviolet radiation also deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing leaf size and the... ...mental effects on marine life and the aquatic food chain. Further damage to the earth's aquatic ecosystems must be prevented in order to prevent not only the deterioration of oceanic life, but also the deterioration of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the release of other chemicals into the atmosphere, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and thus impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The safety of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an important base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends.

Adapting the Law to the Online Environment Essay

Formulating unique conception of the Web in â€Å"Weaving the Web† Berners-Lee emphasized that the intention was to create a system with â€Å"one fundamental property: it had to be completely decentralized.† In the vision of Berners-Lee: â€Å"That would be the only way a new person   somewhere could start to use it [the Web] without asking for access from anyone else†[1]. In the initial years of the Web’s functioning, Berner-Lee’s ideal of a highly decentralized universal system has been shared by tens of millions of people around the world who have appreciated and marveled at an invention that makes it unexpectedly easy for anyone with a computer to connect with anyone else with a computer, anywhere in the world, and to store and send information almost at will. But the Internet and the Web have also moved to the center of attention for governments, business leaders, lawyers and judges, police forces and military establishments, and anyone else dependent on the rule of law and authority structures in modern society. This is a result of the ability and tendency of Internet users to simply skirt or leap over many of the rules and institutions designed to maintain order in the pre- Internet world. Previously designed rules and legal structures enacted for slower-paced, relatively public tangible transactions in a world rimmed everywhere with borders (local, provincial, national) suddenly were challenged as never before when the Internet made it physically conceivable to carry out transactions of almost any kind in a manner simultaneously immediate, anonymous, inexpensive, and seemingly borderless. However, the process of certain democratization, overcriminalization and simply lazier-affair went beyond predictable limits – internet identity theft, credit card fraud, controversies with gambling and online porn reveal significant need to adapt the law to online environment, to analyze the specifics of cyber crimes and to create effective regulatory norms. Traditional Crime and Cyber Crime: Defining Boundaries From the primary perspective, the Internet imitates and, in most cases, runs parallel to what is often happening in normal life, therefore, it is no wonder that the law had to take account of this new parallel of real life. Hence the frequent appeals for â€Å"cyberlaw† or â€Å"cyberspace law.† Simultaneously, the imitation of life by the Internet does not completely transcend existing forms of activities in their entirety. Thus while electronic forms of information are the hallmark of the Internet and tend to undermine tangible media, or even render them obsolete, prior forms of information may coexist alongside them, albeit uneasily and suffering permanent corrosion. In so far as it is not possible to divine the extent to which the Net will generate parallel or independent forms of activity, the development of the appropriate law cannot be predictable. One has to determine in each specific sphere of activity how far the parallels go and how big or small the change over the normal may have been before working out the legal response. Consequently, the lack of time or resources cannot be the main reasons for the non-development of Internet law, as Edwards and Waelde suggest[2], although they recognize, somewhat indirectly that the Internet is still developing and so must the Internet law. Edwards and Waelde view â€Å"Internet Law† as being a result of (the usual) adaptation process that the law undergoes to catch up with new technological phenomena. They regard Internet Law as a necessity, contrary to the â€Å"core pragmatic† perception of those they refer to as looking upon the Internet as law-free.[3] And although the regulation of Internet content, transactions and activities seems to be logical and self-evident, the problems start appearing from the very definition of cyber crime. Black’s Law Dictionary defines a â€Å"crime† as a â€Å"social harm that the law makes punishable; the breach of a legal duty treated as the subject-matter of a criminal proceeding.†[4] Anglo-American crim ­inal law has for centuries possessed a set of definitions of â€Å"crimes† that encompass the varied categories of social harms humans can inflict on one another, for instance homicide, rape, robbery, arson, vandalism, fraud, child abuse, etc. According to Susan Brenner, crimi ­nal law does not typically differentiate offenses based upon the instrumentalities that are used in their com ­mission; we generally do not, for example, divide homi ­cide into â€Å"murder by gun,† â€Å"murder by poison,† â€Å"mur ­der by strangulation† and so on.[5] As Brenner points out, criminal law does treat the use of certain instrumentalities as â€Å"aggravat ­ing factors,† the use of which can result in an enhanced sentence upon conviction; this is how criminal law gen ­erally deals with using a firearm or other dangerous in ­strumentality in the commission of a crime.[6] This approach could, perhaps, have been taken with regard to cyber crime; we could simply define hacking as a type of trespass, analogous to real-world trespass. The â€Å"crime† of real-world trespass is gaining access to a physical space – a building or a parcel of land – without authorization. We could have pursued hacking in an analogous fashion, perhaps prosecuting it as tres ­pass and then characterizing the use of computer tech ­nology as an aggravating factor.[7] However, that is not the approach the law has taken and is tak ­ing to the use of computer technology to inflict social harms. What is emerging is a division between tradi ­tional crimes (trespass, burglary, theft, stalking, etc.) and cyber crimes. The latter encompass the use of com ­puter technology to commit either (a) social harms that have already been identified and outlawed generically (trespass, burglary, theft, stalking, etc.) or (b) new types of social harm that do not fall into traditional â€Å"crime† categories. It is necessary to adopt cyber crime-specific laws for the first category of conduct because, as Brennan’s hacking-trespass example illustrates, computer tech ­nology can be used to commit social harms in ways that do not fit comfortably into our existing offense categories. Another Brennan’s example of a denial of service attack[8] simply eludes conventional crimi ­nal law: it is not theft; it is not extortion; it is not black ­mail; it is not vandalism or trespassing or any other â€Å"crime† that has so far been defined. We must, therefore, define new â€Å"cyber crimes† to encompass denial of service attacks and other â€Å"new† varieties of criminal activity. In conceptualizing the varieties of cyber crime, it is helpful to divide them into three categories offered by Marc Goodman: crimes in which the computer is the target of the criminal ac ­tivity, crimes in which the computer is a tool used to commit the crime, and crimes in which the use of the computer is an incidental aspect of the commission of the crime.[9] When a computer is the target of criminal activity, the perpetrator attacks an innocent user’s computer or computer system either by gaining unlawful access to it or by bombarding it from outside. Cybercrimes that fall into this category include simple hacking (gaining access to a computer system or part of a computer system without autho ­rization) and aggravated hacking (gaining access to a computer system or part of a computer system without authorization for the purpose of committing a crime such as copying or altering information in the system). The target cybercrimes also include denial of service attacks and the dissemination of viruses, worms and other types of malware. The cyber crimes in this cate ­gory tend to be â€Å"new† crimes and therefore generally require new legislation. A computer or computer system can also be the in ­strument that is used to commit what is essentially a traditional crime. Cybercrimes in which a computer is the tool used to carry out criminal activity include online fraud, theft, embezzlement, stalking and harass ­ment, forgery, obstruction of justice and the creation or dissemination of child pornography. These are conven ­tional crimes, but it may be difficult to prosecute online versions of these crimes using existing substantive law; a jurisdiction’s theft statute may not, for example, en ­compass a â€Å"theft† of intangible property when the theft consists of copying the property, instead of appropri ­ating it entirely. In State v. Schwartz, Oregon State of Appeal held that â€Å"†¦by copying the passwords, defendant stripped them of their value.†[10] Jurisdictions may therefore find it necessary to amend their existing substantive criminal law to ensure that it can be used against these cy ber crime variants of tradi ­tional crimes. The last category consists of cyber crimes in which the use of a computer or computer system is incidental to the commission of the crime. This category includes, for example, instances in which a murderer uses a com ­puter to plan a murder or lure the victim to the murder scene; it can also include a blackmailer’s using a com ­puter to write extortion letters to his victim or a drug dealer’s using a computer to monitor his sales, inventory and profits. Here, the computer is merely a source of evidence and new substantive criminal legislation is generally not needed. The cases in this category can, however, require new law to resolve procedural issues such as the processes used in gathering evidence of cyber crimes. The basic federal cyber crime provision is 18 U.S. Code  § 1030; among other things, it criminalizes hacking, cracking, computer fraud and the dissemination of viruses, worms and other types of malware. The statute accomplishes this by directing its prohi ­bitions at conduct that targets a â€Å"protected computer† and then defining â€Å"protected computer† as a computer encompassed by federal jurisdiction.[11] Section 1030 defined a â€Å"protected computer† as either (a) a computer used exclusively by a financial institution or the federal government or used nonexclusively by a financial institution or the federal govern ­ment if the conduct constituting the crime affects its use by the financial institution or federal government; or (b) a computer used in interstate or foreign commerce or communication.[12] The notion of basing the statute’s prohibitions on conduct directed at a â€Å"protected computer† was introduced when  § 1030 was a mended in 1996; until then, it criminalized con ­duct that was directed at â€Å"federal interest computers,† i.e., computers used by the federal government or lo ­cated in more than one state.[13] The 1996 amendment broadened  § 1030’s reach; it now encompasses conduct directed at any computer con ­nected to the Internet. In 2001, the Patriot Act amended  § 1030 to make it clear that the statute can be used to prosecute criminal conduct which occurred outside the United States, a position the Department of Justice had long taken, for instance in case United States v. Ivanov. The Patriot Act expanded the definition of a protected computer to include com ­puters used in interstate or foreign commerce that are located outside the United States if they are â€Å"used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States.†[14] Problematic Aspects: Copyright, Child Pornography, Identity Fraud in Internet In order to address the problems in regulation of online environment more effectively, this paper aims to focus on several most problematic aspects of the issue – copyright violations, child pornography and identity theft or credit card fraud. Defined by Culberg, copyright is â€Å"a legal device giving the author (or holder of the copy ­right) the exclusive right to control the reproduction of his or her intellectual creation† for a specific period of time.[15] Copyright law in the United States derives from the U.S. Constitution and is therefore exclusively federal; states do not have the authority to legislate in this area.[16] Defenses to a charge of criminal copyright infringe ­ment are, first, that the offense cannot be prosecuted be ­cause the five year statute of limitations has run.[17] Other defenses are the â€Å"first sale† doctrine and an argument that the defendant did not act â€Å"will ­fully.† The first sale doctrine lets one who purchased a copyrighted work freely distribute the copy she bought.[18] Under the doctrine, however, the purchaser can only distribute the copy she bought; she cannot copy the purchased item and distribute the copies.[19] Since most computer software is distributed through licensing agreements, the first sale doctrine typically does not apply when someone is charged with software piracy.[20] With regard to the claim that a defendant did not act â€Å"willfully,† there is some ambiguity as what is required to show â€Å"willfulness.† Courts disagree as to whether it requires an â€Å"intent to copy or intent to infringe.†[21] The newest weapon in the federal arsenal of copy ­right statutes is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which added two sections to title 17 of the U.S. Code. Section 1201 makes it unlawful to circumvent measures used to protect copyrighted works, while  § 1202 makes it unlawful to tamper with copyright management in ­formation. Another new section, 17 U.S. Code  § 1204, creates criminal penalties for violating either sections 1201 or 1202 of the DMCA. The first criminal prosecu ­tion under the DMCA was filed in 2001 against Dmitry Sklyarov, a Russian citizen, and his employer, Elcom ­soft, Ltd.[22] They were charged with violating 17 U.S. Code  § 1201(b) (l) (A), by trafficking in technology designed to circumvent the rights of a copyright owner, and with violating 17 U.S. Code  § 1201(b) (l) (C), by trafficking in technol ­ogy marketed for use in circumventing technology that protects the rights of a copyright owner. Another area that is a high priority in federal com ­puter crime prosecutions is child pornography. To un ­derstand the current state of the law outlawing child pornography, it is necessary to understand the First Amendment, which states, in part, that Congress is to make â€Å"no law †¦abridging the freedom of speech.† The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this part of the First Amendment as prohibiting the criminalization of any but a very few limited categories of speech: â€Å"[T]he First Amendment bars the government from dictating what we see or read or speak or hear. The freedom of speech has its limits; it does not embrace certain cat ­egories of speech, including defamation, incitement, obscenity, and pornography produced with real chil ­dren.†[23] From the critical as well statistical perspective, child pornography appears a relatively recent addi ­tion to the list. However, the rise of com ­puter technology raised concerns about â€Å"virtual† child pornography, i.e., pornography created using morphed or other artificial images of children, and in 1996 Congress adopted the Child Pornography Prevention Act, codified as 18 U.S. Code  § 2251. This Act extended the prohibitions on manufacturing, possess ­ing and distributing child pornography to encompass pornography that featured not only â€Å"real† children but what â€Å"appeared† to be a real child.[24] In 2001, a coalition of free speech advocates challenged these provisions of the federal child pornography statutes; they argued that because no â€Å"real† children are harmed in the creation of â€Å"virtual† child pornography, it does not fall under a category of speech that cannot constitutionally be criminalized.[25] When the case was before the Supreme Court, the Department of Justice argued that virtual child pornography can be criminalized because (a) pedophiles use it to seduce children into sexual acts and (b) it stimulates pedophiles into molesting chil ­dren.[26] The Supreme Court rejected these arguments and held that the prohibition of virtual child pornogra ­phy violated the First Amendment, so the statutory provisions at issue were unconstitutional and unenforce ­able.

Brother Sebastian in the novel Lamb Essay

In the novel â€Å"Lamb† by Bernard Mac Laverty, written in 1976, I cannot but feel sympathetic towards the main character Brother Sebastian (Michael Lamb). I feel that he was a victim of circumstances. He was brought up in a farm in Ballycastle where he was taught by his father to put animals who were suffering out of their misery. In the novel Mac Laverty describes how his father â€Å"had pulled chickens necks so fast and expertly that they never felt a thing†. To Sebastian Owen Kane was just like an animal with no future and the most humane thing to do was put him out of his misery. Throughout this novel there is a recurring theme of a father and son relationship. The killing was ritualistic as Sebastian’s religious beliefs would have meant that he believed that the boy was going to eternal happiness with God in heaven. â€Å"It was motivated by love. It would be a pure. Of this he was sure†. From the much protected environment with his mother and father on the farm he entered the Irish Christian Brothers the year he was due to leave school which would have been about sixteen. In the Brotherhood he had no real adult life as he was restricted by the vows of Poverty, Chastity and Obedience. When the novel opens Sebastian is a wood work teacher in a Home (which is situated in the south of Ireland Galway) for delinquent boys, which was run by a sadistic, cruel Brother called Brother Benedict. The relationship between the two men was hostile as Benedict was an academic snob who looked down on Sebastian for his lack of formal education. He uses the simile and the metaphor: â€Å"A man with one language is like a man with one eye. I myself have four good eyes and a few lesser ones – which could be polished up† Both Brother Sebastian and Benedict disagreed with each other on how to discipline the boys in the Home. Benedict’s attitude was â€Å"If they do not conform we thrash them. We teach them a little of God and a lot of fear. † He criticised Sebastian for his â€Å"Soft centred self centred idealism†. Owen Kane was put into the Home by his mother for â€Å"always mitching school†. Owen suffered from epilepsy and was the youngest boy in the Home. It is true that Owen had been put away because he had continually mitched school and had run away from home frequently – the Gardai had been informed on four occasions at least. God knows how many times they had not been informed. His father would beat him often: â€Å"When he came home he would get drunk and whip Owen with whatever came into hand†. His mother would often be absent from his company but he preferred all that than living in the Home. He had a neutral/positive relationship with Sebastian and a negative relationship with Benedict. Owen Kane and Sebastian both have the same views on the Home. In the novel Brother Sebastian father dies and he is left a sum of money from the farm in which his father owned. Brother Benedict is lecturing about Obedience â€Å"Obedience, Brother, is a very rare virtue† and with no doubt wants Brother Sebastian to stay so the Brotherhood gets the money. From the novel we get the Atmosphere of what the Home was like â€Å"The walls were painted throughout a pale hospital green† and â€Å"The place was scrubbed and clean and dead â€Å"Like a corpse†. First instinctive impressions of the Home are lifeless cold miserable and absolutely unpleasant which do not relate to a â€Å"home† at all. Bernard McLaverty uses his scenes to describe the Home and they have a similar description of a hospital â€Å"The air was full of disinfectant and polish†. The surrounding environment of outside the Home gives a bizarre welcome to inmates. â€Å"Surrounding the whole complex was a high wire fence that screamed and whistled in the constant wind from the sea† A great use of personification is used in this quote and it works to make you feel anything but nice feelings, it makes you feel the â€Å"Home† is more like a Prison and the boys were not there to be reformed but there for Punishment. At the beginning of this novel I admire Sebastian for being nice to the â€Å"inmates† and especially to Owen who is the youngest of the boys in the Home, suffers from epilepsy and experienced a hard life with his parents. I feel sympathetic for Owen Kane as I believe he wasn’t given the opportunity at life before he was entered the Home. Benedict gets all my negatives as I see him for more evil than good. He is a bully to Sebastian, Owen and all the other boys. Brother Sebastian wants to leave because he doesn’t believe in by Benedict’s duct rue of â€Å"Kill and cure†. He plans to run away and decides to take Owen with him. I believe Sebastian wanted to take Owen with him because he had sympathy for Owen and wanted him to have a better chance at life and he thought he could provide in the manner of a father and son relation†¦ Personally I think this was the best decision to make for Owen and him self as both of them were miserable and living in the Home seemed like a dead end, an everlasting punishment to both of them. He is given the chance to abandon the Home when he receives the money from his father’s farm. With free will Owen agreed to leave.

Butterfield v. Forrester

Butterfield v. Forrester Free Online Research Papers The social problems that society was originally trying to solve were how to equitably resolve issues of liability in negligence cases. In the case of Butterfield v. Forrester (1809), the plaintiff was injured after striking an obstruction in the roadway. The respondent while making repairs to his home put a pole across the road. The plaintiff, who had just left a public house as it neared dark, while riding his horse violently through the streets, struck the pole and was seriously injured. A witness stated that if the plaintiff had not been riding so recklessly he would have observed the pole. There was no evidence the plaintiff was intoxicated at the time. There was nothing to state what appropriate behavior was, so the judge created the reasonable man standard. The reasonable man standard states that every human has a duty to act reasonably; therefore, a reasonable man would not have obstructed the road. The respondent countersued the plaintiff for negligence for racing through an occupied area at night. The judge had to create another rule because both parties were negligent. The judge found that it was not fair for the plaintiff to receive recovery if he or she contributed to his or her own injury. The legal rule that was created to solve this problem was contributory negligence, which stated that if a plaintiff’s own negligence was a contributing cause of his injury, he was barred from recovering from a negligent respondent. The problem with this rule is that it often leads to inequitable results. For example, if a respondent is found to be ninety-nine percent negligent and the plaintiff only one percent negligent, under this rule the plaintiff is still barred from recovery. Also, if there is no punishment and no one held liable there would not be any reason to act with vigilance. Increasingly people begin to question the unfairness of this ruling and it created even more problems. The social problem that society was now faced with was trying to alleviate the harshness of the application of the contributory negligence rule, which bars recovery for the plaintiff if they were at all negligent. In the case of Davis v. Mann (1842), the plaintiff tied down his donkey’s feet to keep it from running away and the donkey was left by the side of the road. The respondent was a business owner who hired a man to deliver his beer in order to keep his costs down. The respondent’s driver was coming down in his wagon at a high speed and hit the donkey and killed it. This case introduced the respondent superior rule, which held employers liable for their employees actions. Mann countersued based on the contributory negligence rule because Davis broke the law when he tied up his donkey’s feet and left it by the road. The judge had to make a new rule, which was â€Å"the last clear chance doctrine†, which is a doctrine in the law of torts that states th at a negligent plaintiff can recover damages if they are able to show that the respondent had the last opportunity to avoid the accident. Some of the problems that emerged from this rule were that the person with the last clear chance may have only been five percent negligent and someone else contributed much more to the negligence than the person being held accountable. This was almost always the case after the Industrial Revolution The social problem that society was trying to solve was that the Industrial Revolution introduced heavy machinery and in this setting, the worker always had the last clear chance, which created instability. In the case of British Columbia Electric Railway v. Loach (1915), Benjamin Sands was driving in a wagon and drove it over a railroad track, while an oncoming train was near. His passenger jumped out. Sands was struck and killed. The train had faulty brakes which were discovered the day of the accident. If the brakes had been working, the train would have stopped. This case introduced the proximate cause rule, which is the primary cause of an injury. It’s an act from which an injury results as a natural, direct, uninterrupted consequence and without which the injury would not have occurred. The problem with this rule is that it is extremely confusing and in application hard for a jury to comprehend and handle. The social problem that society was now trying to solve is how to share liability between the plaintiff and the respondent, so that it’s fair and easy for a jury to understand. In the case of Maki v. Frelk (1968), the respondent ran a stop sign traveling at a high speed and was charged with many traffic violations. This case took place in a jurisdiction that was still using the contributory negligence rule, making Maki responsible, because he could have slowed down and prevented the accident. The Maki family asked the court to adopt the comparative negligence rule. This rule states that a plaintiffs negligence is not a complete bar to his recovery. The plaintiffs damages are reduced by whatever percentage his own fault contributed to the injury. This requires the jury to determine, by percentage, the fault of the plaintiff and respondent in causing the plaintiffs injury. For example, suppose a plaintiff is injured in a car accident and incurs one million dollars in damages. The jury determines that the plaintiff was twenty five percent responsible for the accident and that the respondent was seventy five percent responsible. The plaintiff will then be allowed to recover seventy five percent of his damages, or seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In 1931 Wisconsin adopted the comparative negligence rule and was the first to modify it. Today, twenty three states use a modified form, ten states use a pure form, and two states use a top bottom system, which states that y ou have to have a low degree of negligence and they have to have a high degree of negligence or you are barred from recovery. The goal of the civil justice system in the United States is to maintain social stability through fairness. The evolution that has taken place in the judicial system has reflected the changes in society as well as a better understanding of the civil process. Some of the early attempts seemed to always favor highly one side over the other without taking into account all of the facts. The continual tweaking of the system has given us one that appears to be equitable and relevant for the times. As society, technology, and the environment change so should the policies that govern it. Even though the early rulings didn’t appear to be impartial they set the precedents for the existing system which is fair and functional. Research Papers on Butterfield v. ForresterUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

The wars essays

The wars essays Sigmund Freud once argued that "our species has a volcanic potential to erupt in aggression . . . [and] that we harbour not only positive survival instincts but also a self-destructive 'death instinct', which we usually displace towards others in aggression" (Myers 666). Timothy Findley, born in 1930 in Toronto, Canada, explores our human predilection towards violence in his third novel, The Wars. It is human brutality that initiates the horrors of World War I, the war that takes place in this narrative. Findley dedicated this novel to the memory of his uncle, Thomas Irving Findley, who 'died at home of injuries inflicted in the First World War" (Cude 75) and may have propelled him to feel so strongly about "what people really do to one another" (Inside Memory 19). Findley feels a great fondness for animals, and this affection surfaces faithfully in many of his literary works. The Wars is a novel wrought with imagery, and the most often recurring pattern is that of animals. Throughou t the novel, young Robert Ross' strong connection with animals is continually depicted in his encounters with the creatures. Findley uses Robert to reveal the many similarities between humans and animals. The only quality, which we humans do not appear to share with our animal counterparts, is our inexplicable predisposition to needless savagery. In his video documentary, The Anatomy of a Writer, Findley describes his affinity for animals when he says that he has "always been in awe of . . . animals. [He has] never understood where [humankind] picked up the idea that [animals] are less than [people] are-that man is everything". In The Wars, Findley stresses his belief that humans are "no better and no worse-no larger and no smaller than any other creature that walks or crawls or flies or swims. [They are] merely different" (Roberts 56). Parallels are drawn between the protagonist, Robert Ross, and many of the animals that appear throughout the novel. Rob...

How to Look More Stylish At Work to Make a Great First Impression

How to Look More Stylish At Work to Make a Great First Impression It might sound shallow, but you really are judged on what you wear. So often the visual is the first impression that matters most when impressing clients or potential hirers. But even everyday work outfits can be the hardest to plan. Never fear! Here are a few suggestions for how to style your work look to put your best and most professional foot forwards of good textures to try include: leather, cotton, chiffon, silk, satin, and waxy coated fabrics.3. Get a good fit.Next time you’re clothes shopping or pruning back your wardrobe, try the following tricks. Check to see whether you can push your elbows back in a button-down shirt without buckling and gapping (no one at work wants to see your bra), and whether you can wedge a finger space into your waistband. Leave it on the rack if it isn’t special and doesn’t meet this criteria. And, most importantly, avoid anything that isn’t comfortable! And if a few wonderful things don’t fit you to a T- consider alterations.4. Spend more to get more.A few quality pieces can go a really long way. Invest in good examples of the following, and you’ll almost always have a mix-and-match outfit half ready to wear: a pair each of straight leg and skinny leg pants, a patterned knee length skirt, a plain black and plain white tank top underlayer (not too thin, not too strappy), a blazer, a great dress, a pair of multipurpose pumps, and one pair of comfy flats. Supplement with a few trendy things here and there, but don’t break the bank to get them. Try Target or Cue for these instead.5. Jazz it up.Jazz up your classic (or even downright boring) look with a single statement piece fun shoes, a bag, a fabulous necklace, interesting watch, or even lip or nail color. It’s all in the little deets.6. Mix business and casual.Turn a casual looking outfit: feminine top, structured trousers or jeans, jacket, and professional bag into something truly fierce with a pair of killer shoes. The shoes and quality of the bag (and structure/fit of the major pieces of the outfit) will sell it, even make you look relaxed, hypercompetent, and oh-so-chic.7. Go for the careless combo.Mix textures and shapes, fabrics, femme/masculine pieces, fits, etc. Sex up the shoes to sell this- even if that means a really nice pair of oxfords or brogues. Embrace your inner hipster.8. Femme it up.Go ahead and wear your chiffon dresses- just make sure the hem comes to your knees or lower, add a statement piece and/or a jacket or cardigan and a nice pair of shoes, and you can feel free to be your flowy, feminine self- even at work.9. Bring the edge.If you work in a creative field, you have the option of really playing with your textures and pieces and sexing up your wardrobe. Think chunky glasses, statement pieces, and trendy sneakers. The sky’s the limit, as long as you keep consistent with the brand you’re trying to build yourself.

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Violence - Research Paper Example Regardless of what argument a person takes, â€Å"Call of Duty† should be an adult game that is only played by people over the age of 18 or young people who have reached the moral stage of development that understands right from wrong. A 1994 survey of young students, between fourth and sixth grades, showed that the longer a person plays a video game the more their personal empathy for others was reduced (Funk, Baldacci, Pasold & Baumgardner, 26). Empathy is the level of personal respect and emotional attachment that a person has to the needs of others in society. This study suggests that if a child were to play â€Å"Call of Duty† for a long period of time, and be exposed to ongoing brutal images, they will be likely to adopt personality traits that make them less caring about others. This theory offers that young people will become desensitized after prolonged periods, making them less teamwork focused and able to support others in the community with positive emotions. In my personal life, I have watched many young children playing violent video games, including â€Å"Call of Duty†. Some of these children were between the ages of eight and 17 years. I have seen children who get very involved with the content of the game, and will explode verbally when they fail to meet content targets or achieve the game’s goal. One young child, a family friend of age 12, actually would slam the computer mouse down on the counter and swear at the computer when playing the game. This was something that was not common with this child when in other social environments. This would add support to the idea that it can change the personality behaviors of children when they play the game over and over again. A normally content and non-explosive child who, when exposed to violent game play, begins to act uncontrollably and angry should be an

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio Assignment

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio - Assignment Example Construction has a long history, almost parallel to the development of civilization. Across the globe, construction is the biggest industry which is churning billions of dollars every year and providing employment to a large workforce - skilled as well as unskilled. As far as the UK is concerned, its output is worth over 100bn a year. It accounts for 8% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment for around 3 million workers (Vadera, Shriti and Woolas, Phil et al. 2008). Civil Engineering and the associated sub-disciplines are changing rapidly as a result of technology enhancements, growing concerns on local & global environment problems & commitment required to the ecosystem and the overall management system & quality control procedures that collectively comprise of the management portfolio of the profession. The job of a Civil Engineering Project Manager is no longer planning & execution of construction projects but is also linked with commitment to local & global envir onment, the local ecosystem, the society and the overall safety of the infrastructure from the perspective of the workers and the end users. The Management Portfolio thus needs to include all these responsibilities and organized to form an organization structure that can effectively deliver as per all such requirements. The local special interest groups and the legal & statutory system of the nation carry lot of influence on the projects and hence they need to be satisfied effectively by sending to them regular updates & reports and allowing them to audit the proceedings as and when demanded. Hence, every project is expected to comprise of the following management challenges: (a) Health & Safety

The Business Cycle and Macroeconomic Objectives Term Paper

The Business Cycle and Macroeconomic Objectives - Term Paper Example Recognition of the relationship of withdrawals and injections has also been made which allows better overview of the markets. The relationship of withdrawal and injections has shown an indirect link similar to the savings and investments, taxation and government expenditures. The last and most essentials element of this paper is the discussion of the circular flow of income and the four macroeconomic objectives i.e. a) Economic Growth, b) Reduced Unemployment, c) Rise of Inflation, and d) Deterioration of Balance of Payments. The figure below provides a view on the relationship of the four main objectives of macroeconomics. The figure shows how in a short term the four objectives, i.e. faster growth of output, lower unemployment, lower inflation and the avoidance of balance of payments deficits are related to each other (Sloman and Sutcliffe). The relationship depends on the aggregate demand which is influenced by each phase of the business. a) Expansionary Phase: In this phase (phase 2), the aggregate demand grows very rapidly and the gap between the potential output and actual output is relatively narrower. Here the growth in the output will be relatively rapid and the levels of unemployment will be faced with a drop as well. This provides a solution for two issues however it leads to the other two sectors to be faced with issues (Sloman and Sutcliffe). With the higher levels of shortages the inflation is also affected and this leads to the deteriorating balance of payments which in turn leads to the domestic goods being less competitive in the international markets. b) Peak: At phase three of the cycle i.e. the peak phase, the level of unemployment is at the lowest and the output of the company is at the highest level.

Architecture and Urban Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Architecture and Urban Projects - Essay Example For the progress of the Gaza strip in general, and the city of Gaza in particular, there is the need for Israeli approval and loosening of its iron grip over the area it once occupied and continues to control economically and militarily. This is possible only if guns on both sides fall silent and give way to a joint political and economical panel. The Gaza Strip is located 45 meters above sea level bordering the Mediterranean. Over the last 50 years its population has risen dramatically from 50,000 in 1948 to about 1.2 million in 2002, with population density of between 20,000 to100,000 per square kilometer in certain places, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Half of the population consists of refugees displaced after the creation of Israel. (1) The old city of Gaza admeasures about one square kilometer and is enclosed by a great wall with gates serving as entrance and exit points. With the rise of population and activity, it spread out on the north, south and east of the old city limits. Places of interest are the Mosque of Al Sayed Hashem, the Mosque of Ibn Marwan, the Great Omari mosque, the Sheikh Abul Azm sanctuary, the the Sheikh Ailin sanctuary, Napoleaon's fort also known as Al Radwan Castle, Tell al Mintar, and the church of St Porphyrius. The Gaza city is located between Israel and Egypt, and is the principle city of Palestine. The northern suburbs of Gaza are mazes of crumbling buildings and present a picture of overcrowded populace, living in abject poverty. The historic part of the city is located in the heart of the city. The main street named Omar al Mukhtar Street runs east to west from Al Shuja'iyva quarter and extends up to the sea. There are tourist resorts with swimming pools, or facilities for swimming at the beach. (1) According to its Municipal plan, the city is primarily divided into four areas: Area B, Area C, Area of High-rise buildings, and Tourist area. In keeping with the civic rules, Buildings in Area B must be situated 3 meters away from the street and 2 meters on other sides. It must be built on a plot admeasuring at least 250 square meters, and must not consist of more than 5 floors, including the ground floor. The building must not occupy more than 60% of the plot. Buildings in Area C must be situated 2 meters away from the street and 1 meter on other sides. It must be built on a plot admeasuring at least 250 square meters, and must not consist of more than 5 floors, including the ground floor. The building must not occupy more than 80% of the plot. High rise buildings overlook streets at least 20 meters wide and extend from east to west of the city. The plot must admeasure at least 1000 square meters and the building must not occupy more than 50% of the plot. The tourist area is located 400 meters to the east of the coast line, and the detail plan is being drawn. The Gaza municipality oversees

Science Fiction Film Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Science Fiction Film - Research Paper Example Science fiction is the source of entertainment as well as effective way of conveying message to the society. According to Sobchack "science fiction cinema is an important source to understand the history of spatial and temporal transformation of the city as it has been experienced by the spectators in USA, from the 1950’s to the present, from modernism to postmodernism." (Vivian Sobchack 1999) Animal Ethics: Man is supposed to be the most powerful animal in the world. Of course his power lies in his intellectuality and most advanced brain. Being most powerful animal of the planet, he started assuming that he has a right to exploit flora and fauna of the earth. He has forgotten the ethics of behaving with animals and plants, which are the inseparable elements of our eco system and our planet. Animals and other living things on the earth are being used by man for his selfish deeds. While using them, he even does not think about their emotions. The animals are being used in film productions, circuses, for food testing, for experiments etc. They are harassed by the man. Prior to technological advancement, the hobby of the medieval people was hunting. In India innumerable wild animals were hunted just for the hobbies of princes, kings, and people from rich and royal families which culminated into the extinction of animals like Chitah. After scientific revolution the entertainment habits changed but animal harassment still continued. Movies became the major and influential source of entertainment. The animals are frequently used in films. The film producer tries to be close to authenticity. Hence in many films the animals are used. To represent the animal character on screen, the animals are exploited. During the shot, the director cannot tell the animals to act in a certain way. The animals on the other hand are provoked so that they would behave in a certain way. Sometimes they are terrified. At that time it is not their acting but the real terror they feel during the shot. If there is a shot of falling of animals, it is not manipulated fall but real fall in which they are injured and their pains are real. These animals are treated like slaves. Sometimes if it is a demand of the script, they are too often killed on screen for effective cinematography. Number of films has killed animals for the sake of the authentic cinematography. The animals such as horses, apes, pigs, cows, birds and many more animals are killed. Some films who used the animals are Godard’s Weekend, Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, Inarritu’s Babel, Haneke’s Cache etc. When the use of animals is on rampant the film Planet of Apes really shows a very sensible approach of not using animals even in the roles of animals. Almost all the non human roles are played by the human beings. Our research paper discusses the protocols related to the treatment given to the animals by human beings. These protocols are discussed by comparing two films which are b ased on animal world. First movie is â€Å"The Planet of Apes† (Franklin J. Schaffner 1968) and 12 Monkeys (Terry Gilliam 1995). The Planet of Apes is reviewed by some

Trend of Food Truck in University city of Philadelphia Research Paper

Trend of Food Truck in University city of Philadelphia - Research Paper Example result, communities across the country from Philadelphia to Los Angeles have become a crucial part of the ongoing movement of finding out better ways of managing and regulating mobile vending (Spelman, 2010). Lifestyle and policies are found to be the key elements that have led to the tremendous increase in the number of food trucks in the city. Most of the people in the city prefer fast foods especially considering the fact that the city has a consistently growing population of students because of the two major universities (Stadd, 2011). This can be supported by the fact that most of the food trucks in the city have been on campus stalwarts for many years though their numbers has dramatically increased in the recent past. This means that majority of the people eating in food trucks are youths and a persons who are below 40s who are usually casually dressed. Lack of clear policies regulating the business is also believed to be another key attribute of the immense boom of this business (Edge, 2012). Food trucks in the University City are more popular than the ordinary restaurants because of the variety of foods they offer at relatively lower prices. Most of them use large vehicles that are installed with high-tech cooking gadgets as well as sanitation devices that provide sophisticated and safe cuisine commonly prepared to order rather than being precooked. This gives food truck an upper hand in the food and service industry compared to ordinary restaurants. Therefore, local governments should introduce favorable policies that would regulate food trucks and that will incorporate food trucks into the fabric of the city (Ercolani,  2013). The proposed research study will be conducted using both quantitative and qualitative research methods, meaning that the researcher will use qualitative and quantitative research concepts. The targeted respondents in this case include 50 customers of the food trucks and 10 food truck companies. Using a hybrid of these two

Science Fiction Film Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Science Fiction Film - Research Paper Example Science fiction is the source of entertainment as well as effective way of conveying message to the society. According to Sobchack "science fiction cinema is an important source to understand the history of spatial and temporal transformation of the city as it has been experienced by the spectators in USA, from the 1950’s to the present, from modernism to postmodernism." (Vivian Sobchack 1999) Animal Ethics: Man is supposed to be the most powerful animal in the world. Of course his power lies in his intellectuality and most advanced brain. Being most powerful animal of the planet, he started assuming that he has a right to exploit flora and fauna of the earth. He has forgotten the ethics of behaving with animals and plants, which are the inseparable elements of our eco system and our planet. Animals and other living things on the earth are being used by man for his selfish deeds. While using them, he even does not think about their emotions. The animals are being used in film productions, circuses, for food testing, for experiments etc. They are harassed by the man. Prior to technological advancement, the hobby of the medieval people was hunting. In India innumerable wild animals were hunted just for the hobbies of princes, kings, and people from rich and royal families which culminated into the extinction of animals like Chitah. After scientific revolution the entertainment habits changed but animal harassment still continued. Movies became the major and influential source of entertainment. The animals are frequently used in films. The film producer tries to be close to authenticity. Hence in many films the animals are used. To represent the animal character on screen, the animals are exploited. During the shot, the director cannot tell the animals to act in a certain way. The animals on the other hand are provoked so that they would behave in a certain way. Sometimes they are terrified. At that time it is not their acting but the real terror they feel during the shot. If there is a shot of falling of animals, it is not manipulated fall but real fall in which they are injured and their pains are real. These animals are treated like slaves. Sometimes if it is a demand of the script, they are too often killed on screen for effective cinematography. Number of films has killed animals for the sake of the authentic cinematography. The animals such as horses, apes, pigs, cows, birds and many more animals are killed. Some films who used the animals are Godard’s Weekend, Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, Inarritu’s Babel, Haneke’s Cache etc. When the use of animals is on rampant the film Planet of Apes really shows a very sensible approach of not using animals even in the roles of animals. Almost all the non human roles are played by the human beings. Our research paper discusses the protocols related to the treatment given to the animals by human beings. These protocols are discussed by comparing two films which are b ased on animal world. First movie is â€Å"The Planet of Apes† (Franklin J. Schaffner 1968) and 12 Monkeys (Terry Gilliam 1995). The Planet of Apes is reviewed by some

Innovation course PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Innovation course - PowerPoint Presentation Example ter is to improve the delivery of quality health care conforming to the strict standards of the Joint Accreditation Commission of Health Organizations (JACHO). It basic strategy to attain its vision and mission is to manage innovation through governance and leadership skills. The first strategy is to employ non-nurse managers to head their nursing units. It is strategic move to enable nurses to focus on patient care and not be bogged down with administrative work. This move paved the way to increase morale and productivity in the units, and increased patients’ satisfaction with regard to the delivery of efficient and effective healthcare. The second strategy was an innovative structure necessitating building a two-tower structure which stands on a 1.6-hectare property. This move would capture a more extensive clientele thereby improving their market share. The third move was to institute actions which are â€Å"firsts† in the industry. First to invest in advanced medical equipments to cater to more patients not only in the local market but in the neighboring Asian nations. Further, this strategy puts SLMC in the top spot among the medical institutions in the Philippines. Innovative companies have well defined goals, vision and mission. The vision defined 2010 as the year to achieve its being one of the top 5 hospitals in Asia and would be achieved through highly competent and caring professionals and with the use of world class technology and research. Leadership is essential in managing innovation. The appropriate leadership skills are matched with personalities, characteristics and behavior of its human resources to motivate them into achieving organizational goals. Company’s resources must be maximized. Human resources are acknowledged as their most important asset. Property, equipment, and processes are continuously updated. And management has made a commitment to invest in technologically advanced medical equipments to compete with other top health

Environmental Factors Influencing Alton Towers Uk Tourism Essay

Environmental Factors Influencing Alton Towers Uk Tourism Essay It was a challenge for me to work on this project, because it is a learning process for me that how, I could tackle this question therefore I collected primary and secondary data for my project and try my best to analyze the whole situation and produce a good Peace of work. I gather information about Theme parks called Alton tower. After getting the brief knowledge about this theme park and their strength and weaknesses, through assess to Alton tower website. With the help of some good secondary data such as different website and books sources. I used some marketing strategies such as segmentation which is used to target different types of consumers and it will help to find out how this theme park can do something new among other competitor further I did a pest analyses , created a good pricing strategies which will help this theme parks to do long term planning and allow them to face different threats and problems in a defendable way . Political factor effect very much because Government changes frequently and every Government makes it own policy, which cancel or postponed the previous policies and new policies are implemented, which start their work from zero point and all the previous work and policies result fruitless. Such as theme park might have problems in pricing strategies , if Taxes increasing , expensive increasing , timing factor etc so due to this it can influence the theme park negatively . On other hand if government policies are in the favor of business sector so might be possible that it will help Alton Tower and they can earn more profit margins ,Such as recently UK government has reduce the VAT value added tax which will increase the demand of costumers coming towards theme parks more so this show that ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a good step taken by government in favor of business sector. . Government Development When it comes to development so government some time can play a vital role in improving the society standard such as government can give funds to theme parks or provide good facilities for people who comes over there for enjoyments such built sitting area , emergency help desk , locater and maps of London in theme parks for tourists . Environmental protection and regulation To protect the environment government always force the theme park management to be stick on this issue and aware there costumers to follow the regulation such as left eating items , garbic , should be through in dustbins and whole theme park should be Cover up by dustbins . Cars should be not allowed in theme parks they should have separate parking yard due to pollution which is spoiling the environment . Government should put billboards of Environmental protection and regulation on entrance of theme parks to aware people. Contract enforcing law over costumerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s safety. In this factor government will always try their best to make sure that theme parks are having good safety precaution for costumers and whole theme parks is fully covered by CCTV so that they can defend in good way against any dangerous situation . (Dave, 2004 ) , what is pest analysis. (2008) Economical Inflation In this factor if the price increase over all the UK and there is high amount of inflation in country so this will affect the theme park , because there will be a decrease in public spending due to inflation . further if inflation is rising so there will be increase in cost of theme parks such as expenses will rise up , therefore theme park will have no other option left and they will increase their tickets price also . Economic development If the Alton theme parks does a good business ever year such as many people or tourist love to come to UK for enjoyment and in this case Alton theme park Is a good example of entertainment and many people would like to visit it due to this it will have a positive impact over economic conditions of UK, such as there will be increase in GDP , Globalization will increase and there will be a big boom in tourist industry . Employment Alton theme park is place which is full of entertainment and in this case many people want to visit it in different seasons such as summer vacations is a good season in which theme parks are fully crowded . To handle that demand of people Alton theme park will need workers in their organization every year . Theme park can play a vital role in seasonal employment which is good for economic growth because unemployment will be reduced. Mac Gee (2004) Pg 415, (themeparks UK, 2008), titley, b.pg 378 (1993). Social Life style changes When we talk about life style so now days different people have different life style . According to people they want something new in life so therefore they decide to have some good vacations or holidays so that they can stay relax for some time in such busy world , so theme park like Alton can play a vital role in changing life style of people this theme park can allow people to stay relax and have peace in their life such as it has good atmosphere , hotel nice fun place for family and couples . Population and age population and growth rate is a very important factor which can influence any business in a positive or negative way and when it comes to theme park like Alton tower , they need costumers so that they can have good business growth and UK has a good population which is helpful to this theme park and in this population theme parks are more attractive towards kids around 10 to 15 or teen agers so this will help Alton theme parks to do segmentation of people who can be interested in theme parks and then they can target generation X (10-16 ) and Y (16 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 20 ) .more . Living conditions This is factor which Alton theme park should focus more because this theme parks have hotel arrangements for costumers therefore they have to be perfect in keeping good Quaintly standard living conditions so that customers are satisfied in a good way and once costumers are happy form there services this will help to improve theme parks image and good growth in sales what is pest analysis. (2008). TECONOLGY E Business This is factor which can also help to improve theme parks sales and growth among other competitors such as theme park should have a online buying ticketing system which can help the theme park to increase its sales . and it allows costumer to book their tickets in advance which is a very nice facility to them , the more facility theme park will provide the more costumer will buy . Machinery Alton theme park has many different types of rides which are running through machines therefore every year this machinery should be checked and renovate so that good service is provided to costumers and this theme parks should introduce more high machinery for rides so that good quality is produces while costumer take those rides . Computers To improve the theme parks image or growth organization should bring new latest computer in theme parks for buying tickets or keeping records of all the sales this will help to reduce time and work will be done more faster . Internet Theme park should give wifi internet facility to costumer as they enter in theme parks so that they should have nice time and there pending work should be done easy through internet . what is pest analysis. (2008). For effective marketing research theme parks should focus more on field research such as they should make questioner , survey and then ask the costumers who come to the theme parks which will allow them to get new idea from costumer point of view and also it will tell them weather they are satisfied or not further more to do good marketing research they should following the pricing strategy and segmentation which I mention in my report and it will help them to improve there weak points into strength and they should also review this pest analyses to make their good position among other competitors and it will help them to defend any harm full situation in good way . 1.4) Price Strategy Competitors(theme park Price Price Strategy Alton tower Thorpe park chessington (One day ) Tickets Adult 35 , child 26 , family, 98 (One day ) Tickets Adult 33, child 21, family 88. (One day ) Tickets Adult 32child 21, family 86. Skimming penetration penetration After a survey of the theme parks market price trend through there website link I found out that Thorpe and chessington has applied penetration among other competitors so that they can have good sales . On other hand Alton tower has applied skimming pricing strategy therefore to compete and achieve high sales they should use markriented price strategy or apply presentation for few months until it adjusts in market. (themeparks UK, 2008) , DF IMK student potal ( 2008) 1.5) Segmentation Good marketing research also contain segmentation which is very much important strategy which can help Alton tower in very effective ways . Segmentation is where we group together costumers intro subsets with common need and characteristics to market a product and if we look at Alton tower they should follow this segmentation which is mention above and also this will give idea to them that they should target people in this limit and this segregation suites Alton tower a lot . Demographic AGE: 16-20 generation Y 10 -16 generations X 35-45 Nesters Gender: Male and Female Nationality: English or European Geographic Country: UK Urban Area: London Psychographic Family life style people (themeparks UK, 2008), (Dave, 2004 ), , DF IMK student potal ( 2008)

Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride It is not traditional for the bride to speak but I thought it only right that I start married life as I mean to go on - by having the last word. I would like to take this chance to thank everyone for taking the time to share this magical day with us. Today wouldn’t have been as special as it is without you - our family and friends. I hope everyone is enjoying themselves and that the open bar kept you entertained while we were having our photos taken. Please remember to take lots of photos and sign the guest book – please include any advice you have on married life! I would like to thank Mary and Rose for doing the readings. We have a small gift here for you. A big thank you goes to my bridesmaids, Nicola and Caroline who were both a great help in preparing for the big event and in keeping me calm throughout the day. I have a little something here for you. Jane and Terry have welcomed me into the family and even put up with me staying with them after I lost my roomate. Thank you for raising Charlie so well for me. I understand that the warranty is out of date now and the refund deadline has long since passed. I might keep him for a while though as he has so many qualities - charm, brains and beauty are sadly the only ones missing I would like to thank my mom (mum) and dad for all their love, support and guidance throughout my life. I would not be where I am t... ...rue. I love you Charles for all that you have made of yourself in this life, and for what I know we will make together in our lives from this day on. I am so proud to be your wife. The most beautiful wedding gift I'll have today is knowing in my heart I have your love forever........... I would like to take time now to remember those who are unable to be with us today. Many of our family were unable to travel to Chicago (Edinburgh). Others will be looking down on our wedding day- we especially remember my granmother (gran) McFarlane and grandfather (grandpa) Cook and Charlie’s grandpa whose birthday would have been today. I would therefore like to propose a toast.†¦. (raise glass) to absent friends†¦..

short narrative essay (avalanche) -- essays research papers

Lost but Not Forgotten   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a cold night in January, when he awoke covered in snow, his board broken and hanging from his left foot, the binding from his right still securely strapped to hit now numb, right foot It was now nearing Zero degrees Fahrenheit he thought, and not a soul was anywhere to be found. Zane Farrell had last seen another creature what he guessed was about six hours ago. As far as he knew he was about thirty miles north of Bull Creek, at the local ski area- Bull Mountain. Unsure of his exact location, cold and growing weary he started his tedious climb up what he thought was the northern side of the peak, he was unsure how he got to where he was, but his best guess was that when he was the origin of a small avalanche. His last memory before his startling awakening in his would be snowy grave was snowboarding. It had been just after lunch and he thought he would try some new terrain. He laced up his snowshoes, and proceeded to climb to the highest point of the mountain. He arrived at his first destination after about an hour of hiking. After a short while he figured he had looked over his new found haven enough, he was ready. He started down the grade with a small arsenal, consisting of a shovel, about ten granola bars, two bottles of power-ade, his snowshoes, and what was left in his hydration bladder in his pack. After descending about two hundred feet he came into the clearing he was hoping to find, it was as smooth as silk, twenty inches of fresh powder under his board. Up ahead he say a small but formidable drop off on the mountain, he knew if he was going to escape this with his dignity he was going to have to work some magic, to his success. The drop was approximately eighteen feet, but he was ready for it, he landed perfectly, it was like a dream the poof of snow exploding out from his impact, and the gentle flakes hitting his face. As he continued down the slope he did not realize that his gentle landing had severely weakened the physical s tructure of the mountain’s blanket, and that any moment he could bring the mass down upon himself at impossible speeds. Then it happened, he turned too sharply, caught his heel edge and fell onto his backside. He slowly got up and regained his balance, but it was too late. What he saw was like being attacked by the vengeful clouds of the gods. He turned down... ...of chili and three spaghetti-o’s. After he had finished eating he decided that he had better get some rest, he went to bed in the small cot he found in the corner. He slept well in the warmth of the cabin, but awoke to the sound of a gasoline engine. Startled he looked around and saw a woman rekindling the fire. She saw him looking at her and told him he was ok, and that when he was ready her husband would take him back to town. She had already made coffee and some pancakes, and told him he was more than welcome to have some.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a while of talking he decided it was time to go home, after apologizing for the broken door, and the food he ate the night before, she insisted that it was no problem and that they were very glad to have helped. She walked out the door to get her husband. After fumbling through his wallet, he pulled out a fifty and put it on the table, then walked out to find a snowmobile waiting for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a long cold ride, but he was grateful, when they got to town he insisted that it was far enough and thanked the man with a handshake. Zane Farrell had never been happier to see that small mountain town.

How is Conflict Portrayed in the Poems in the Conflict Section? Essay

The nature of conflict is a clash or coming together. There are many different types of conflict; it can come in varying scales of size and intensity. For example something which starts off as a family feud may end up as a World War. We can look at the causes of conflict, what actually happens or the effects. Tennyson’s ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’ paints a picture of the glory and honour of soldiers in battle as it happens. It describes an incident during the Battle of Balaklava during the Crimean War. Sheers’ ‘Mametz Wood’ focuses on the aftermath and futility of war. Hughes’ ‘Hawk Roosting’ looked at the causes of conflict, someone who has power but wants more and does not think about the effects of what they are about to do on others. Another poem by Hughes is ‘Bayonet Charge’ where there is a soldier in battle trying to escape from getting shot. Tennyson’s poem observes the battle from a distance as if he had a good viewpoint. He was not a participant like the poems of Wilfred Owen or Rupert Brook who wrote their poems and died in the trenches of the First World War. Tennyson sets the scene of battle and creates the atmosphere for ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by the form and structure of the poem. The six stanzas have a clear and powerful dactylic rhythm, representing the galloping hooves of the horses as they race into battle. The reader is carried along with the flow of the poem and the energy of the battle, which is emphasised by repetition, from the first two lines of the first stanza of the poem: â€Å"Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward.† A sense of involvement is created for the reader by repetition such as â€Å"cannon† suggesting the relentless assault from all sides â€Å"Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them† which emphasises the dangers faced by the cavalry and their great bravery. The contrast could not be greater in ‘Mametz Wood’. Although both poems are written in the third person there is a sense of detachment and distance within this poem as Sheers reflects on a futile battle. There is no immediacy of involvement. Whereas the rhythm carries you along in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, the conflict in ‘Mametz Wood’ is between past and present. The poem switches between the death of the soldiers in battle and the grisly discovery of their skeletons in the present. â€Å"Twenty men buried in one long grave† is contrasted with the present gentleness and vision of rolling countryside. A sad and reflective feeling is created through the use of a three-line stanza, long sentences and enjambment â€Å"their skeletons paused mid dance-macabre/ in boots that outlasted them†. The breaks between stanzas give the reader opportunity to reflect on the line of soldiers who their arms linked in a shallow grave – perhaps as a joke by those that buried them. Unlike in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, you are given no indication of the actual conflict which occurred, just some of the results. Pathos is emphasised by boots outlasting the men. Both poems memorialise unnecessary carnage. Both events which they are based on were directly the result of poor leadership. â€Å"Someone had blunder’d† in the decision to attack in the Battle of Balaklava but Tennyson emphasised that taking orders is honourable. â€Å"Theirs was not to reason why, / Theirs was but to do and die†. In ‘Mametz Wood’, criminal stupidity of orders â€Å"to walk, not run† made them sitting targets. Both poet’s honour loyalty and obedience where young, amateur and untrained soldiers died in their hundreds without questioning the orders they had been given. With over two hundred men â€Å"storm’d at with shot and shell† with the alliteration suggesting flying bullets in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, the soldiers in ‘Mametz Wood’ were mown down by â€Å"nesting machine guns†, a powerful oxymoron which gives the machine guns naturalness they do not deserve. In ‘Hawk Roosting’ however conflict is created by the hawk thinking that he is the King of the world and can do anything he likes. The vivid imagery emphasises the barbarity and senselessness of war with death being inevitable. The language used in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ creates a strong sense of the violence. Without questioning orders, 600 soldiers are ‘plunged in the battery-smoke’ whilst all around them cannons ‘Volley’d and thunder’d’ as they obeyed commands and plunged into the â€Å"valley of death†, â€Å"jaws of Death† and â€Å"mouth of Hell† which suggests a predator waiting patiently to eat its prey. By using such powerful verbs, metaphors and personification the image of the battle and the hopelessness of the situation faced is portrayed vividly. However Tennyson glorifies soldiers and praises their strength and courage â€Å"Boldly they rode and well†. In ‘Mametz Wood’, Sheers emphasises human frailty, seeing a life as it passes fleetingly in the passage of time. The colours and textures highlight this. The metaphors â€Å"broken bird’s egg of a skull† and ‘the china plate of a shoulder blade’ represent frailty. In ‘Mametz Wood’ the earth is personified as someone who needs healing. The farmers â€Å"tended† the land creating an image of something which needs nursing back to health. A link is made in the fourth stanza with a simile where the emergence of the bones from the soil is â€Å"like a wound working a foreign body to the surface of the skin†. Unlike â€Å"Death† and â€Å"Hell† the earth guards the dead soldiers’ memories and bodies, protecting them until they are found. Earth is pushing them to the surface so that we don’t forget. This is also a reference that the soldiers were foreigners who should not have been in France. Although ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ is a famous Tennyson poem I think ‘Mametz Wood’ is more powerful. They both describe real events and the horrors of conflict and show the class divisions between generals giving their orders and the men who follow them. There is an underlying message in both poems about the waste of life in war. The vivid picture of a charge on horseback and the courage of the Light Brigade are to be admired and honoured- not forgotten. However ‘Mametz Wood’ is more powerful in the way it reflects on the futility of war. It is quiet and thoughtful. There is no battle, just men walking to their death due to poor leadership. The emergence from the ground of delicate skeletons trying to yell out something but with â€Å"absent tongues† in their â€Å"socketed heads† suggests that the dead are trying to communicate with the living. Now we hear them, their message and their tragedy. The poem is a form of excava tion as it brings back through words an experience long forgotten. As people say on Remembrance Day every year: ‘We will Remember Them’.